Pitching Biodiversity Against Climate Change, Really?

Continuing the events going on in the 2010 year of biodiversity, Biodiversity Loss vs. Climate Change is the title of the debate between a panel of experts convening in the Kew Gardens temperate house this week.



Personally, I find the very question of which is more important futile, as in many ways the two are inexorably linked. The three videos are most definitely worth a watch however, click on the photo to link you to the CNN page. The four speakers; Ahmed Djoghlaf, UN Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Paul Smith, Director of Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank , Jon Williams, Head of Biodiversity for PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Phillipe Cousteau, Environmentalist from the renowned Cousteau family raise some important points about what biodiversity is, why it is important and how its loss will effect our economies, health care and perhaps even survival.

Here are some key points they raise:

-‘Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth at all levels—from genes to species to entire ecosystems—it’s essential for sustaining the systems that provide us with food to fuel and other vital services’ (Earths Frontiers)
- “Going to reach tipping point where irreversible damage will be done to biodiversity.” (Djoghlaf, A)
-“(Biodiversity Loss) is one of greatest threats going into the 21st Century” (Costeau. P)
- Pharmaceutical companies which are worth US$6-700 billion are 40-60% dependent on biodiversity for medicines that come from natural species
- Biodiversity services are worth 2-4.5 trillion/per year, which makes it a bigger and more immediate cost than climate change.

CNN have produced a whole range of reports on Earths Frontiers from renewable energies to pinpointing the worlds biodiversity hotspots to bar-coding marine life. There’s even a facebook page if you want to keep up to date with their shows or comment on any of their documentaries.

The Natural History Museum, London

Soon I will be garden-less and therefore unable to rear caterpillars myself. To make up for this I am considering volunteering for a few hours a week at the Butterfly House at the Natural History Museum in London's South Kensington.



They also have many other interesting exhibits on, the following caught my eye:

- Interactive Climate Change Wall

- The Darwin Centre

Check them out if you're in the area.

My passion (outside work)

Im not sure if I mentioned this but I am rather nutty about Lepidoptera. My withdrawal symptoms from rearing moths in New Zealand has left me with a desire to aquire some seasonal fluttery pets back in the UK. I now have some bedroom companions consisting of multiple Peacock butterfly pupae and the odd Elephant Hawkmoth caterpillar. After five days in my company (probably about 10 days altogether) they are emerging (as I write). Here are some pictures:







If you are keen on rearing butterflies/moths/stick insects yourself you can obtain them (amongst other sites) from:

Kew's contribution to the Year of Biodiversity

One of my favourite haunts whilst in London is the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Steeped in history, Kew is a botanists utopia. They too are running event for the 'Year of Biodiversity' which I may try and make tomorrow. NB Below is a picture which is really unrelated to this post, but it was taken at Kew, its the Titan Arum. This largest single flower in the world wreaks of rotting flesh to attract pollinators, gross yet pretty impressive.



They even have a butterfly and bug exhibit on in the Princess of Wales glasshouse, always a spectacle!

Did you know that were mid way through the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity?

A recent newsletter from the Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust (one of my field sites in the Waikato) brought to my attention one of the positive cases of conservation being undertaken globally. More information about worldwide events can be found at:

Summer time again (5th in a row)

With the 2009/2010 field season wrapped up in New Zealand I'm now back in the UK to move on to the next stage of my project, data analysis. This being a more desk-based approach to research, I will start to investigate what trends (if any) are occuring in these data. More on this in a few months..

Returning to London brings with it the opportunity to become a working member of my supervisors research group at Silwood Park, attend a broad range of seminars at Imperial and will stimulate me to get up to speed with British research into climate change. My first brief forray of the news pages yielded information on climate policy. The new UK governmnent pledges to become the "greenest ever", and the recent greenhouse gas emission stats certainly support this, being down 8.6% this year. Whether this is largely down to 'the recession' is still debateable but it certainly is encouraging to see a move in the right direction in the 'International Year of Biodiversity'.

Fieldwork finale

Now 14/15ths of the way through the fieldwork, I am in Nelson to complete the data collection. As usual for Nelson, we arrive to a barrage of rain but unperturbed, we head off into the bush to collect the leaves tagged earlier in the season. It is important at this stage to also ensure I have all of the basic information about each field site, i.e. predominant plant type, canopy height and bearings of transects.

Whilst up in the region I will be checking- up on the plants that I brought up earlier in the year. Concerned by the potential for plants to dry out in their pots I will be digging them into the ground to reduce the possibility of them dying due to water deficit rather than frost sensitivity.



The last research trip to Nelson involved a spontaneous falcon attack so we’re a little nervous about returning to this particular forest reserve, however my caterpillar collecting sheet acts as a rather handy shield against the territorial bird of prey.

Now, off to brave the wet and dangerous New Zealand bush!

Planting for frost tolerance (& carbon offsetting)

I've finished planting out 150 plants over the South Island, feeling good about setting up the new experiment but also starting to make up for some of my large(ish) carbon footprint from this project. It will be interesting to see if the kawakawas planted South of their natural boundary will survive over the winter period.

Moving on now to leaf collections, embarking on the third North Island trip next weekend so I will endeavor to keep you more updated and hopefully more entertained then this relatively mundane post (sorry guys, long day).

Very little is known about the behaviour of the caterpillar I am studying so I have begun filming these moths whilst they move around the kawakawa leaves. I thought I’d put a clip up to demonstrate some of its characteristic features.



You can see how similar in colour the caterpillar’s body is to the kawakawa leaves, no wonder I had a hard time finding them. The moth belongs to the family Geometridae, which means that it is grouped together with other species of moths (infact 12,000 of them) that all loop their bodies when moving forward. They move in this unusual way because they are missing a number of legs (well actually pro-legs) that most other caterpillars have in the central portion of their abdomen. You can just about see the silken thread attacked to the larvaes silk gland that they use to lodge themselves onto leaves in the event they drop off the leaf (either purposefully to avoid predators or if their knocked off-i.e. my me!)


Apparently there was originally difficulty classifying these moths into one species as the variety of colours and patterns on the adult moth’s wings are so varied. The taxonomist (scientist who classifies different organisms into groups) Walker, in 1860 originally gave this kawakawa looper moth four names (one of which being Selidosema panagrata) but when another scientist, Fletcher revised the genus, the caterpillar was given the Latin name Cleora scriptaria.

Anyhow, you’ll find the moth (if your lucky enough as they’re rather cryptic) throughout the North, South Islands of New Zealand and even Stewart Island most commonly feeding on the kawakawa plant. They have two generations a year, laying a batch of eggs on the host plant, developing through the first to the fifth instar as larvae, pupating and then emerging into the winged imago (adult moth). Keep and eye out for any of these stages when you’re next in the bush…

Peculiar Parasitoids

Fascinating yet rather repulsive are the parasitoids I am studying. Yesterday, whilst picking my way through rotten kawakawa leaves and caterpillar frass (poo) I came across this one sick looking caterpillar. It was floundering around, still alive at the bottom of the pot next to a wasp cocoon. This indicated to me that this caterpillar had previously been injected with wasp eggs, the eggs had hatched out inside the caterpillars body, where the wasp larvae proceeded to eat the caterpillars internal organs and then burst out of it's side to go into pupation. Shockingly this half eaten caterpillar had enough of its vital organs remaining to enable it to carry on living. A behaviour that's rather typical amongst parasitoid species. Amazing.



Anyhow, I thought I'd put up a shot to show you the evidence, the black hole near the rear is where the parasitoid emerged and the wiry ovoid is the wasp pupae.

Completing Caterpillar Collections

All caterpillars are now obtained, photographed and safely stored away in controlled temperature rooms in individual containers. They are photographed, as below to enable me to establish at which stage of development (instar) the caterpillars were at when collected. As caterpillars grow and shed their skin, their heads grow and by measuring the widths of their heads, I can tell whether they are first (0.3mm), second (0.6mm), third (0.9mm), 4th (1.25mm) or fifth instar (1.5mm).



The forest remnant that I was working on yesterday was undulating and rather unstable underfoot. We managed to do well getting the samples down from a steep slope, over a river bed, through brambles but as we scrambled up the last slippy valley side I lost my footing and thumped to the ground landing on a number of the Petri-dishes containing the caterpillars. Not ideal. Luckily no caterpillars were harmed although they did proceeded to loop out from their labelled containers, march out of my collecting belt and get completely mixed up whilst crawling round my top. We managed to catch some of them yet unfortunately I could not tell which caterpillars came from which plants. Still, I should be able to analyse parasitism rates for the site still. Not all bad news.

Anyway, to celebrate finishing the second stage of my fieldwork we decided to go and see some of the other wildlife in the area, the enigmatic Hectors dolphins. Apparently they are the world’s smallest, rarest marine dolphins and in going swimming with them I got to fulfil a childhood dream and contribute funds towards ensuring their survival.

Long Days of Summer

Long day today, 5am start at Uni preparing the glasshouse for a new experiment. Last Autumn I collected kawakawa fruit from the Banks Peninsula, germinated the seedlings and now these young plants have transformed into one meter tall semi-mature trees. Result.





Now, I am taking these plants as well as some others donated from a nursery in Auckland and a Master’s project in Nelson, and packing them away in insect-proof mesh (a.k.a. curtain off-cuts!)



Now that the plants are all self- enclosed it is time to add a single caterpillar. These are moth larvae that I have collected from my field sites whilst surveying and in giving them their own plant I should be able to analyse how much they eat in their lifetime. I plan to place a number of caterpillars collected from Auckland on plants grown from Nelson and Banks Peninsula to see if herbivory rates change (and vice versa). This may indicate how species interactions may differ as insects move into new habitats. Anyhow, time for me to stop for the day, I have to have some energy to collect the last group of caterpillars in Akaroa tomorrow.

I'm back (for a while).

Phew, so sorry for the lack of updates but I’ve been tied up with an intensive period of fieldwork. Now I’m back in Christchurch after travelling almost 7000km in and around the North Island and I’m being kept busy feeding the caterpillars I’ve collected, all 1055 of them!
So the last couple of weeks have been packed full of bush bashing, insect showers, land owner liaisons, photography, camping adventures and plenty of travelling.

Although undertaking your own research can be rather stressful at times it is also a lot of fun and rewarding when it is successful. Of course it never always does run exactly to plan; with swooping falcons bullying us out of the forest, rain drenching specimens and data-loggers going missing it’s never dull in the field… I’ll post a few more tit-bits in-between the feeds…

...in the mean time check out the pic of the cats in their pots.